NEC-like injury also induced interleukin-1β (Il1b), tumor necrosis factor (Tnf), monocyte chemokines CC-motif ligand (Ccl)-2, Ccl3, Ccl5, Cxcl5, Nfkb1, and the reticuloendotheliosis proto-oncogene, NF-κB subunit (Rel/Crel). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and necrotizing enterocolitis.