Although the contributions of astrocytic oxidative stress have yet to be elucidated, the presence of oxidative metabolites in PD patients has been correlated with the in vitro aggregation of α-synuclein [57], and the levels of oxidized proteins were found to be significantly higher in the SNpc as compared to the frontal cortex and basal ganglia [39], suggesting that oxidative damage in PD is brain-region specific and may contribute to pathogenesis. This evidence concerns the gene SNCA and Parkinson disease.