In another study, proanthocyanin, γ-oryzanol, and γ-tocotrienol extracted from red rice fractions were found to have anti-invasion activity against HT1080 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells by decreasing the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and -9) [98]. The gene discussed is MMP2; the disease is cancer.