IL10 and advanced heart failure: In some studies, a direct causal link between LV dysfunction, LV remodeling and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, has been established [3, 4] and anti-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 10 (IL10), thrombospondin-1, and TGF-β1 are reduced in patients with advanced heart failure [5–7].