At 8 mo, the male Pink1-/- rat model of PD exhibits the onset of detectable limb motor and cranial sensorimotor (vocal) deficits as well as non-dopaminergic pathology including reduced norepinephrine concentrations in the locus coeruleus as well as alterations in gene expression, and aggregated alpha-synuclein in the periaqueductal gray and other brainstem regions [52–54, 57, 58, 64]. This evidence concerns the gene SNCA and Parkinson disease.