It has been hypothesized that terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) involution and the attendant chronic inflammation that accompanies pregnancy may underpin the increased risk of cancer among parous women.6,46 Moreover, results from experimental studies have shown a mutual negative regulation of NF-κB, a key regulator of the chronic inflammatory process, and TP53 function.47 It is, therefore, plausible that the association between parity and p53 expression may be due to perturbations in the TP53 pathway secondary to aberrant post-partum involution and chronic inflammation. Here, NFKB1 is linked to cancer.