CCL3 and Parkinson disease: Both basal and lipopolysaccharide stimulated levels of MIP1α and MCP1 have previously been reported to be higher in PD patient peripheral mononuclear cells compared to controls.44 In our study, baseline levels of MCP1 were also positively correlated with longitudinal changes in UPDRS III, suggesting that higher levels of MCP1 are associated with faster motor progression.