INS and hyperinsulinism: For example, within a 10-week period of HFD intake, beta cells are prone to secrete more insulin (hyperinsulinemia) to compensate the increasing obesity and glucose intolerance24,38, while long-term HFD consumption (more than 10 weeks) eventually culminates in beta cell failure and the change of those parameters is considered a major adaptation to insulin resistance36–39,41.