GPER1 and cancer: In line with our previous studies showing that estrogenic GPER signaling induces proliferative effects in cancer cells and CAFs through growth regulatory genes like cyclins [47, 77, 80], we determined that 3MC stimulates the expression of cyclin D1 at both mRNA and protein levels in SkBr3 cells (Fig. 5a-c) and CAFs (Fig. 5a, d-e) through AHR and GPER as assessed using the inhibitors of these receptors, CH223191 and G15, respectively.