CTLA4 and cancer: Biomarkers such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) ligands, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are well-known molecules involved in escape from host immune surveillance and are associated with cancer cell proliferation1,2.