A large screening in a Japanese population provided evidence that among eight genes (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRIP1, CHEK2, HOXB13, NBN, and PALB2), whose rare germline variants show high penetrance for prostate cancer, germline mutations of BRCA2, HOXB13, and ATM globally observed in 2.9% of patients, were significantly associated with prostate cancer [716]. The gene discussed is CHEK2; the disease is prostate carcinoma.