CAFs promote tumor immunosuppression by secreting abundant cytokines and chemokines, such as CXCL12, CXCL8, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TGF‐β, CCL2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and co‐regulatory molecules B7H1/B7DC 34, 35. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.