In addition, adipose tissue functions as an active endocrine organ and dysregulation in the production of adipose tissue-derived adipokines and cytokines such as leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 may also be involved in the pathogenesis of CKD among overweight and obese persons (48,50-52). Here, TNF is linked to chronic kidney disease.