HK1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: PBMCs from COPD subjects and RAW264.7 cells exposed to CSC were found to have an impaired ability to utilize glucose as indicated by the limited substrate supply in the form of pyruvate to the mitochondria (Fig. 2a), lower rates of extracellular acidification through formation of lactate (Fig. 2b, Fig. 5b) and the decrease in activity of the glycolytic enzyme, GAPDH (Fig. 2c, Fig. 5c).