Another important similarity between ALS and neuroAIDS is the formation of neurotoxic nuclear and cytoplasmic TDP-43 deposits in neurons [85], and it was posited that, if sub-optimal dosages of antiretroviral therapy occur in HIV+ patients in the CNS, then HIV-enhanced HERV-K in the brain might stimulate locally the expression of TDP-43, as is was shown in vitro [55]. Here, TARDBP is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.