TNF and colorectal carcinoma: In order to elucidate the factors/mechanisms involved in the modulation of progranulin expression, HCEC‐1CT cells were cultured in the presence of cytokines (i.e., IL‐6, IL‐22, TNF‐α, and IL‐17A), which are over‐produced within the neoplastic areas of CRC patients (De Simone et al., 2015).