A stage-specific analysis of TRAMP prostates collected at 12, 24, 32 and 40 weeks indicated an inverse relationship between S473Akt phosphorylation (activity) and TGFβ1 expression (Figure 8E-F), where reduced Akt1 phosphorylation in the advanced PCa is associated with the increased TGFβ1. Here, TGFB1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.