These have a higher affinity for IGF-1 than for insulin and are overexpressed in BC tissues of T2DM patients.40, –42 Nevertheless, due to insufficient evidence on the specific oncogenic pathways connecting hyperinsulinemia to BC, it is difficult to ascertain the role of insulin in the development of BC in premenopausal and postmenopausal diabetic females. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is hyperinsulinism.