These factors interact to promote cell proliferation through the mitogenic effect of the insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), while hyperglycaemia provides the metabolic substrate for cell proliferation.27 Overexpression of the insulin growth factor receptor-1R (IGF-1R) or insulin receptors leads to mitogenic signalling, which increases activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3)-Akt-mTOR signalling pathways. The gene discussed is INSR; the disease is Hyperglycemia.