These cells are believed to assist in the eradication process of neoplastic cells with the help of natural killer (NK) cells.20 Nevertheless, T-cell infiltration in invasive BC has been reported, especially the activated CD4+ Th1 polarised cells that secrete several inflammatory cytokines – including IFNγ, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is breast cancer.