Recent successes of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies across various malignancies have opened the door for further exploration into novel pathways that are similarly deregulated through cancer pathogenesis and contribute to tumor immune evasion.[21, 22] Specifically in the present study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of immune biomarkers such as CXCL9, IDO1, LAG3, and TIM3. This evidence concerns the gene IDO1 and cancer.