Accordingly, recent studies in NSCLC and melanoma reported pharmacodynamic changes of circulating Ki-67+PD-1+CD8+ T cells following anti-PD-1 therapies.46,51,52 Another report also demonstrated that high circulating central memory T cell to effector T-cell ratios were associated with better clinical outcome in NSCLC receiving anti-PD-1 therapy.53 Our previous findings also support the critical role of treatment induced anti-TERT CD4+ Th1 immunity. The gene discussed is TERT; the disease is melanoma.