As expected, different concentrations of TGF-β1 (5, 10, and 20 ng/mL) were demonstrated to partially reverse the cytotoxic effects of H2O2 and improve the cell viability of AF cells to 59%, 67%, 76% at 4 h, respectively (Fig. 1b). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is atrial fibrillation.