Stx5 localizes to vacuoles containing the intracellular pathogen Leishmania amazonensis, where it mediates the communication with early secretory vesicles, and knockdown or blockage of Stx5 using the small molecule inhibitor Retro-2 was found to reduce the size of these parasitophorous vacuoles and impair Leishmania replication and infection [100,102]. This evidence concerns the gene STX5 and infection.