MAPK3 and lung cancer: Furthermore, TP binds to activate p38α and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) for phosphorylation and stabilization of p53; subsequently, p53 competes with IκBα for IKKβ binding to block the phosphorylation of IκBα and nuclear translocation of NF-κB in lung cancer cells (Zheng et al., 2017).