PCNA and cancer: In a review article by Nag et al. (2012), it was discussed that ginsenosides (saponins and the main active principals of ginseng) display their anticancer effects against various cancer cells in vitro and tumors in vivo via modulation of different cellular signaling pathways such as protein kinases (JNK, Akt, and AMPK), growth factors (EGFR and VEGF), cell proliferation (CDKs and cyclins), death mediators (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, XIAP, caspases, and death receptors), inflammatory response molecules (NF-κB and COX-2), oncogenes (c-myc and MDM2), and tumor suppressors (p53 and p21).