BRAF and melanoma: Aberrant signalling or inappropriate activation of the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway is involved in many human malignancies.24 Among solid tumours, the highest prevalence of activating somatic missense BRAF mutations, with the V600E substitution accounting for ~80% of mutations, occurs in malignant melanomas (60–70%); mutations occur at a lower frequency in other human cancers, such as papillary and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (40–50%), ovarian (30%) and CRCs (10–20%).