In proof-of-concept studies, we demonstrated that: a microbiome-derived bacterial lipopeptide, Lipid 654, can be detected in the serum of all healthy individuals but is found at significantly lower levels in the serum of MS patients [16]; induction of TLR2 tolerance via administration of low-dose TLR2 ligands results in the attenuation of adoptive transfer murine EAE [10]; and a significant proportion of MS patients demonstrate enhanced responsiveness to TLR2 stimulation [17]. Here, TLR2 is linked to myeloid sarcoma.