In R/M HNSCC patients treated with cetuximab-based chemotherapy including the EXTREME regimen and cetuximab+platinum+paclitaxel/pemetrexed, we show increased gene expression of IL-1 ligands in baseline tumor samples in patients with long PFS (> 12 months) compared to short PFS (< 5.6 months) (Fig. 3). The gene discussed is IL1A; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.