We next determined if IL-1 ligand levels were associated with survival outcomes in R/M HNSCC patients that had previously progressed on cetuximab-based therapy and were scheduled to receive cetuximab in combination with the HGF monoclonal antibody ficlatuzumab [47] in a phase I clinical trial (NCT02277197). This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.