NRP1 and pancreatic neoplasm: In addition, OSU03012 (a hydrophobic anticancer drug)-loaded iRGD-nanocages induced AsPC-1 cell death more efficiently in vitro by activating the caspase cascade because of the presence of the iRGD domain; the internalization was accelerated by interactions between the iRGD domain and NRP-1 on the surface of pancreatic cancer cells [89] and by the bystander effect [14].