Based on the expression levels of SAE1, Phospho-AKT (p-AKT) and global SUMO-1 levels (SUMO1 conjugates) of the 3 different grades of glioma tissues, generally their levels are relatively lower in the lower pathologic grade I of glioma than the higher grade III and IV (Fig. 3a). Here, SAE1 is linked to glioma.