TGFB1 and Alzheimer disease: TGFβ1 immunoreactivity was observed in Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in AD hippocampus [20,21], TGFβ2 in astrocytes, microglia, plaques, and tangles [21], while TGFβ1 can protect cultured neurons from Aβ peptide-induced damage [22,23].