HMGB1 is an inflammatory cytokine and an intracellular regulator of transcription and its activation has been associated with diaphragm weakness in a sepsis model of rats.15, 26, 39 Real‐time PCR was performed to measure the effects of MV on endotoxin‐associated HMGB1 mRNA expression in the diaphragm (Figure 3A). Here, HMGB1 is linked to Sepsis.