TNF and myelodysplastic syndrome: When compared to healthy controls, patients suffering from myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) show higher CXCL12 (also named stromal cell-derived factor 1, SDF-1) levels and enhanced tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor β (TNF-β) expression in fibroblasts and macrophages, which likely contribute to disease pathogenesis [94].