The increased T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment is often correlated with improved clinical outcome in several cancers.31, 32, 33, 34 Recent studies also suggested that antitumor effects of immunotherapy by NDV could be enhanced when combined with immune checkpoint antibodies.35, 36 Therefore, combining with immune checkpoint antibodies such as CTLA4 or PD-1 may further promote the therapeutic efficacy of LX/IL-24-modified tumor vaccines. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and cancer.