VEGFA and fetal growth restriction: Interestingly, disruption of key angiogenic pathways, including VEGFA and C, has causal links to IUGR and abnormal villous development in mouse and human pregnancies (Ahmed and Perkins, 2000; Dunk et al., 2000; Burton et al., 2009; Chen and Zheng, 2014; Kappou et al., 2015).