Furthermore, we have established that blockade of the receptor for SP, the tachykinin NK1 receptor (NK1-r), reduces both BBB permeability and cerebral edema in rodent models of stroke (Turner et al., 2011; Turner and Vink, 2012, 2014) and TBI (Donkin et al., 2009; Corrigan et al., 2012, 2016), suggesting that this is a common feature of acute brain injury. Here, TFF2 is linked to Stroke.