To this end, our laboratory has identified that the tachykinin neuropeptide substance P (SP) is a key mediator in BBB dysfunction and development of cerebral edema following stroke (Turner et al., 2006, 2011; Turner and Vink, 2012) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) (Vink et al., 2003; Nimmo et al., 2004; Donkin et al., 2009; Corrigan et al., 2012). The gene discussed is TFF2; the disease is Stroke.