IL1B and infection: IL-1β, a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine released by many different immune cells such as microglia and macrophages, is essential for the host-response during infection and inflammation (Fogal and Hewett, 2008[13]); however, an accumulation of evidence has demonstrated that excessive IL-1β secretion is a major contributor to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease (Shaftel et al., 2008[34]).