TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: Acylcarnitines, particularly medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines, have been reported to activate proinflammatory signaling pathways in monocytes and induce the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)11,16,17, all of which have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of NASH.