TGFB1 and neoplasm: Rahn et al. [41] studied precancerous H6c7-kras pancreatic cells with epithelial features, finding that hyperglycemia activated TGF-β1 signaling by increasing TGF-β1 expression and secretion, leading to a decrease in the expression of downstream Smad-dependent E-cadherin, which was more likely to break away from the mass and invade surrounding tissues, thereby promoting tumor cell metastasis.