The NIS database also did not include data on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, Gleason scores and prostate cancer management; complications definitions and management; the surgical course or alternate treatments (e.g., use of contrast agents and non-surgical management options for prostate cancer (e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or hormone therapy) that may independently contribute to adverse outcomes. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and Familial prostate cancer.