INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Furthermore, the polysaccharides-treated groups enhanced the insulin-signaling pathway, and their high protein expression levels of InsR (insulin receptor), IRS-2 (insulin receptor substrate 2,), Akt (serine/threonine-specific protein kinase), and GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4) were identified when compared to that of the T2DM groups [76].