APC and colorectal adenoma: Analysis of high-frequency mutated genes showed 12 known gene mutations in colon cancer-associated pathways, including APC, TP53, SOX9, TOPORS, IGF1, KLF5, LSR, CALM2, CTNNB1, RSPO2, SYF2, and SHISA4. The normal-colorectal adenoma somatic mutation analysis identified mutations in two key genes, APC and CTNNB1, which are known to be involved in the Wnt signaling pathway.