CD40LG and cystic fibrosis: According to Smyth et al. [81], the inflammatory biomarkers measurements on 21 children with pancreatic insufficient CF and 12 controls demonstrated increased values of albumin, IgG, IgM, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-8, neutrophil, elastase, and eosinophilic cationic protein, suggesting that there is immune activation in the gastrointestinal mucosa of children with CF, which may result from the basic cellular defect.