AR and ischemia: During the pathological circumstances of slight and short‐term ischemia, trauma, and inflammation, it is possible to improve the protein expression level of AR and increase the synthesis of receptor proteins; perhaps the membrane “spare receptor” is activated, or the transport of receptor proteins from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane is accelerated.22 The change in AR is sustained over a long duration of approximately 1‐3 or 7 days, during which adenosine is more likely to bind to its receptors that are synthesized by brain cells.