ATF5 and malignant glioma: It was also described that, in malignant glioma, an FRS2/PAK1-activated RAS/MAPK signaling cascade up-regulates CREB3L2, which directly binds to the ATF5 promoter resulting in ATF5 transcription, an anti-apoptotic factor which plays a role in cell survival (Sheng et al., 2010).