TNF and neoplasm: By activating TLR2:TLR6 complexes from tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), versican induces the production of pro-inflammatory and pro-tumoral cytokines and chemokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), tumor growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), as well as versican production (17–20).