TNF and infection: There is also a study showing that A. fumigatus induced an acute inflammation regulated by neutrophils with pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IL-1β) and chemokines (MIP-1a, MCP-1 and MIP-2) induction during the peak of infection in the lung, neutralizing TNF-α or GM-CSF decreased neutrophil influx and delayed fungal clearance (158).