TNF and neoplasm: Finally, M2d macrophages, also known as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), are induced by TLR ligands and A2 adenosine receptor (A2R) agonists, or by IL-6; they secrete high levels of IL-10, TGF-β, and VEGF and low IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-1β, and contribute to tumor angiogenesis, growth and metastasis (25).