Specifically, increased SP immunoreactivity within the penumbral perivascular tissue is associated with profound BBB disruption and cerebral edema at 24 h post-stroke and poor functional outcomes up to 7 days following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats, with NK1-r blockade ameliorating these effects (Turner et al., 2011; Turner and Vink, 2012, 2014; Corrigan et al., 2016a). This evidence concerns the gene TACR1 and stroke disorder.