CCL3 and malaria: In the periphery, malaria HZ has been shown to induce innate immunity and inflammation through the release of TNFα, IL-1β, and chemokines such as macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1a/CCL3), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β/CCL4), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2/CXCL2), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CCL2, and chemokine receptors such as CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CXCR2, and CXCR4, as well as NO and reactive oxygen species (Shio et al. 2010).