TNF and Cognitive impairment: This cognitive deficit has been linked to parasite sequestration in the CNS and activation of inflammatory responses mediated by neurotoxic factors such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), gamma interferon (IFNγ), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) which damage adjacent neurons (Brown et al. 1999; McCall and Sauerwein 2010; Sahu et al. 2013).