The longer LTL in H. pylori sero-positive participants can be explained by the higher prevalence of serological evidence of atrophic gastritis among H. pylori seronegative participants (24.1%) compared to those who were H. pylori seropositive, regardless of whether they were negative or positive for CagA IgG antibody: 5.7% and 6.0%, respectively, (p < 0.001) [42]. This evidence concerns the gene S100A8 and chronic atrophic gastritis.