These included the fact that modest weight loss occurred and was maintained over 10 years, clinically meaningful improvements in HbA1c which were greatest during the first year but were at least partly sustained throughout follow-up, fewer subjects needing treatment with insulin, partial remission of diabetes during the first 4 years of the trial vs. control subjects, reduced sleep apnea and depression, and improvements in quality of life, physical functioning, and mobility. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is sleep apnea syndrome.